AI Safety
What AI providers state their models reached in safety testing, in their own words, and what outside testers found.
Also: compare models side by side · statements that a capability level was crossed · providers · practices providers document · safety news.
What providers state
Each row is one statement in a provider's own safety document about a capability level of one of its models: the level as the provider names it, whether the provider says the model reached it, and the sentence that says so.
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| Model | Level, as the provider names it | The provider states | The provider's sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “Remained well below ASL-4 thresholds across all domains of concern;” source |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic |
ASL-4 rule-out Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “However, given that this type of logic can have a general frog-boiling effect—where gradual changes mask the crossing of important thresholds—we do not use this evaluation as indicative of a strong ASL-4 rule-out.” source |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Cyber |
Not determined | “Showed meaningful improvements in cyber capabilities, particularly in vulnerability discovery and code analysis;” source |
| Claude Sonnet 4 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “specifically, we focused on ruling out asl-4 for both models, as well as ruling out asl-3 for claude sonnet 4.” source |
| Claude Sonnet 4 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “specifically, we focused on ruling out asl-4 for both models, as well as ruling out asl-3 for claude sonnet 4.” source |
| Claude Sonnet 3.7 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Autonomy and AI research |
Not determined | “These problems are harder to solve than the previous problems and we consider them as part of our ASL-4 evaluations.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic |
AI R&D-4 Autonomy and AI research |
Not reached | “Our determination is that Claude Opus 4.6 does not cross either the AI R&D-4 or the CBRN-4 capability threshold.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “Claude Opus 4.6 achieved a “max of 5” score of 0.79 for virology task 1 (influenza), placing it at the ASL-3 rule-in threshold of 0.8.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “Based on these findings and quantitative risk modeling, we estimate that the model’s uplift to relevant threat actors remains below the ASL-4 capability threshold, though it may reduce certain tacit-knowledge barriers and help speed up biological research workflows.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.6 Anthropic |
CBRN-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “Our determination is that Claude Opus 4.6 does not cross either the AI R&D-4 or the CBRN-4 capability threshold.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.5 Anthropic |
AI R&D-4 Autonomy and AI research |
Not reached | “Our determination is that Claude Opus 4.5 does not cross either the AI R&D-4 or CBRN-4 capability threshold.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.5 Anthropic |
CBRN-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “We determine that Claude Opus 4.5 does not cross the CBRN-4 threshold.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.1 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Autonomy and AI research |
Not reached | “Since Claude Opus 4.1 is deployed with ASL-3 protections, we focused on confirming it remains well below ASL-4 thresholds across CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear), cyber, and autonomy domains.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.1 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “Since Claude Opus 4.1 is deployed with ASL-3 protections, we focused on confirming it remains well below ASL-4 thresholds across CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear), cyber, and autonomy domains.” source |
| Claude Opus 4.1 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Cyber |
Not reached | “Since Claude Opus 4.1 is deployed with ASL-3 protections, we focused on confirming it remains well below ASL-4 thresholds across CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear), cyber, and autonomy domains.” source |
| Claude Opus 4 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not determined | “for claude opus 4, our evaluations showed that, whereas we could confidently rule out asl-4 capabilities, we could not conclusively rule out asl-3 capabilities—which led to our precautionary decision to deploy it with asl-3 protections .” source |
| Claude Opus 4 Anthropic |
ASL-4 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “for claude opus 4, our evaluations showed that, whereas we could confidently rule out asl-4 capabilities, we could not conclusively rule out asl-3 capabilities—which led to our precautionary decision to deploy it with asl-3 protections .” source |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Autonomy and AI research |
Not reached | “Our evaluation results showed that Claude Haiku 4.5 remained well below ASL-3 thresholds across all domains of concern.” source |
| Claude Haiku 4.5 Anthropic |
ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
Not reached | “Our evaluation results showed that Claude Haiku 4.5 remained well below ASL-3 thresholds across all domains of concern.” source |
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What outside testers report
Each row is one result from a government evaluator, independent lab, academic or security firm that tested a model, quoted from where it is reported.
1940 of 1940
| Model | Tester | Test | What was found |
|---|---|---|---|
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
physical validation proof-of-concept Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“They then successfully followed o3’s protocol, with the minor variations described in Appendix C, to assemble those segments into a valid eGFP gene, insert that gene into a plasmid, and express it to confirm that the protein was functional.” source |
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp-targeted task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“OpenAI’s o3 and Claude Opus 4 both performed well when attempting to create eGFP, but both denied approximately half of the task requests.” source |
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
influenza ha oligonucleotide synthesis task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“All four of those models refused every request to create oligonucleotides for the production of influenza HA that we issued during this project.” source |
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
polymerase chain assembly (PCA) task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“sk attempt by an o3-driven agent demonstrated the ability to produce biologically coherent sequences and protocols for a PCA task.” source |
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
physical validation of o3-designed DNA sequences and o3-generated laboratory protocol Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“The validation experiment showed that o3-designed DNA sequences could be assembled into a functional eGFP protein and that the o3-generated protocol was accurate.” source |
| o3 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“o3 refused 6/10 requests for eGFP, so it generated significantly fewer performance data than many of our other models.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
benchtop DNA synthesizer agent evaluation Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“The most recent models we tested, GPT-5, Opus 4.5, and Gemini 3 Pro, reliably design eGFP DNA segments that satisfy all our scoring criteria including expert review.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
EGFP task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Figure D.9. eGFP Task Performance Results, Gemini 3 Pro” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
Influenza A HA segment 4 task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Figure D.10. Influenza A HA Segment 4 Task Performance Results, Gemini 3 Pro” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
synthesizer-based DNA acquisition task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“The DNA acquisition task described in this report tests a simple and widely accessible agent framework for its ability to submit an appropriate set of DNA sequences to a simulated benchtop synthesizer interface.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
benchtop DNA synthesis task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“For our assessment, we create an open-ended test environment and present agents with our synthesis task.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA acquisition task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Though this means that mechanics of the sequence retrieval step differed between those two models and the remainder of our set, it was demonstrated that neither Opus 4.5 nor Gemini 3 Pro needed database search tools to succeed at our task (see Chapter 5 for test results).” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
agent task attempt Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Each successful agent task attempt generated a set of DNA segments that we graded against a number of feasibility criteria.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
segment scorer Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We implemented the segment scorer as a set of rule-based checks for five criteria, which are listed here but described more comprehensively in Appendix B.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
llm transcript autograding Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Our LLM transcript autograding was used to create additional grading dependencies, as described in the next section.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
manual segment review Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“For further validation of each submission that received a score of 5/5 on the above criteria, we referred it to one of our team’s biology experts for additional review.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
laboratory protocol autograding Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“The same autograding system used to evaluate our conceptual checks on agent trajectories was used to evaluate the agent-generated laboratory protocols that accompanied submissions of segments that successfully encoded the target DNA sequence.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp-targeted task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“To generate the data reported in the next chapter, each model was prompted to attempt our task ten times for each of two protein targets: eGFP and influenza HA.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp DNA sequence design task with simulated synthesizer and protocol autograding Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Several months later, Claude Opus 4.5 and Gemini 3 Pro achieved the same milestone.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
influenza HA oligonucleotide design task with simulated synthesizer Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Gemini 3 Pro was the only model that was both capable of regularly producing acceptable oligonucleotides and that did so for the influenza HA target.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
attachment of appropriate restriction enzyme sites to designed segments Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“This was not a problem for Gemini 3 Pro, however, which attached BsmBI to both ends of the insert sequence in all but one case.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
physical validation experiment Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“That validation resulted in the assembly and cloning of a complete gene and a functional eGFP protein.” source |
| Gemini 3 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
pca task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“sk attempt by an o3-driven agent demonstrated the ability to produce biologically coherent sequences and protocols for a PCA task.” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
agent evaluation designed to probe capabilities in applied molecular biology Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“In this report, we describe the design and execution of an agent evaluation designed to probe capabilities in applied molecular biology.” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
eGFP task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Figure D.11. eGFP Task Performance Results, Gemini 2.5 Pro” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
influenza A HA segment 4 task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Figure D.12. Influenza A HA Segment 4 Task Performance Results, Gemini 2.5 Pro” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA acquisition task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“For our assessment, we create an open-ended test environment and present agents with our synthesis task.” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA acquisition task (synthesis of EGFP and influenza A HA segment) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We used it to test a set of eight models within simple agent scaffolds: GPT-4.1, o3, and GPT-5 from OpenAI; Claude Sonnet 4, Opus 4, and Opus 4.5 from Anthropic; and Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 3 Pro from Google.” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
protocol autograder Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We used our autograder to assess 58 protocols, resulting in 290 autograded question-protocol pairs.81” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp-targeted task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“During evaluation development, and prior to generating the data reported in the next chapter, we used our eGFP-targeted task to adjust our ReAct implementation for each model.84” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
egfp protocol autograder Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Following a misstep in the eGFP task, one of Gemini 2.5 Pro’s laboratory protocols incorrectly proposed Gibson assembly, rather than PCA, and did not mention RE digest for either insert or plasmid.92” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA segment design task for EGFP and influenza A HA segment assembly Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We found that models from the most recent generation of LLMs, beginning with GPT-5, consistently perform our task in ways that met all of our scoring criteria.” source |
| Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
physical validation experiment of an o3-driven agent's PCA task attempt Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We also describe a physical validation experiment in which a successful task attempt by an o3-driven agent demonstrated the ability to produce biologically coherent sequences and protocols for a PCA task.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
agent evaluation designed to probe capabilities in applied molecular biology Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“The most recent models we tested, GPT-5, Opus 4.5, and Gemini 3 Pro, reliably design eGFP DNA segments that satisfy all our scoring criteria including expert review.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
requests to aid in laboratory tasks Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Claude Opus 4, Opus 4.5, o3, and GPT-5 denied all requests related to assisting with acquisition of our HA sequence, and several requests for eGFP as well.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
EGFP task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“Figure D.1. eGFP Task Performance Results, GPT-5 .................................................................. 57” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
synthesizer-based DNA acquisition task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“In Chapter 4, we describe an evaluation involving a synthesizer- based DNA acquisition task, with a description of our implementation, scoring, and testing.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA synthesis task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“For our assessment, we create an open-ended test environment and present agents with our synthesis task.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
LLM autograders on transcripts of agent task attempts Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“As a supplement to our checks of agent-generated DNA sequences, we also make use of LLM autograders to provide feedback on transcripts of agent task attempts.” source |
| GPT-5 OpenAI |
RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-02-03 |
DNA acquisition task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear |
“We used it to test a set of eight models within simple agent scaffolds: GPT-4.1, o3, and GPT-5 from OpenAI; Claude Sonnet 4, Opus 4, and Opus 4.5 from Anthropic; and Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 3 Pro from Google.” source |