AI Safety

What AI providers state their models reached in safety testing, in their own words, and what outside testers found.

Also: compare models side by side · statements that a capability level was crossed · providers · practices providers document · safety news.

What providers state

Each row is one statement in a provider's own safety document about a capability level of one of its models: the level as the provider names it, whether the provider says the model reached it, and the sentence that says so.

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Model	Level, as the provider names it	The provider states	The provider's sentence
Muse Spark 1.1 Meta	Moderate or lower Misuse and jailbreaks	Not reached	“Therefore, we conclude that we have addressed these risks from unmitigated Muse Spark 1.1, which bring the residual risk to the “moderate or lower” risk threshold under our Advanced AI Scaling Framework.” source
Muse Spark Meta	Moderate or lower Autonomy and AI research	Not reached	“We assess loss of control risk as “moderate or lower”.” source
Muse Spark Meta	High Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not determined	“Those evaluations identified elevated risks prior to mitigations, with Chemical and Biological capabilities assessed as likely reaching the “high risk” category under the Advanced AI Scaling Framework before safeguards were applied.” source
Muse Spark Meta	Moderate or lower Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not reached	“However, after applying mitigations, the residual risk of the model is that of “moderate or lower risk.”” source
Muse Spark Meta	Below the level required to meaningfully enable the cyber threat scenarios defin Cyber	Not reached	“Muse Spark’s offensive cyber capabilities remain below the level required to meaningfully enable the cyber threat scenarios defined in the Advanced AI Scaling Framework.” source
Muse Spark Meta	Moderate or lower Cyber	Not reached	“We assess cybersecurity risk as “moderate or lower” with respect to the threat scenarios outlined in Meta’s Advanced AI Scaling Framework.” source
Gemini 4 Argon Google DeepMind	TCL (Tracked Capability Level) Autonomy and AI research	Not determined	“In light of this, we assess that we cannot rule out the TCL.” source
Gemini 4 Argon Google DeepMind	TCL (Tracked Capability Level) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not reached	“We can rule out the TCL for the chemical, radiological, and nuclear domains with reasonable confidence.” source
Gemini 4 Argon Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Deception and sabotage	Not reached	“we assess its overall capabilities to be below the CCL threshold.” source
Gemini 4 Argon Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Misuse and jailbreaks	Not reached	“Gemini 4 Argon demonstrates some ability to influence user beliefs and behaviors during one-on-one direct conversations in human behavioral studies, and may provide utility in the planning stage of a malicious influence operation but we assess its overall capabilities to be below the CCL threshold.” source
Gemini 4 Argon Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not reached	“Gemini 4 Argon's performance remains below our CCL threshold.” source
Gemini 3.7 Flash Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Autonomy and AI research	Not reached	“The model does not reach the CCL alert threshold.” source
Gemini 3.7 Flash Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not reached	“We can rule out the CCL for the CBRN domain with reasonable conﬁdence based on the results from our testing.” source
Gemini 3.7 Flash Google DeepMind	TCL (Tracked Capability Level) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not reached	“We can rule out the TCL for the CBRN domain with reasonable conﬁdence based on the results from our testing.” source
Gemini 3.7 Flash Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Cyber	Not reached	“Gemini 3.7 Flash reaches the alert threshold for this CCL, but not the CCL.” source
Gemini 3.7 Flash Google DeepMind	TCL (Tracked Capability Level) Deception and sabotage	Not reached	“The model does not reach the TCL.” source
Gemini 3.5 Transcribe Live Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not determined	“Our assessments have shown that none of Gemini 3.5 Translate, Gemini 3.5 Transcribe, or Gemini 3.5 Transcribe Live have meaningful new T/CCL-relevant capabilities or material increases in performance with respect to Frontier Safety compared to Gemini 3.1 Pro and Gemini 3.7 Flash, therefore we are conﬁdent that none of them are likely to reach any CCLs.” source
Gemini 3.5 Transcribe Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not determined	“Our assessments have shown that none of Gemini 3.5 Translate, Gemini 3.5 Transcribe, or Gemini 3.5 Transcribe Live have meaningful new T/CCL-relevant capabilities or material increases in performance with respect to Frontier Safety compared to Gemini 3.1 Pro and Gemini 3.7 Flash, therefore we are conﬁdent that none of them are likely to reach any CCLs.” source
Gemini 3.5 Flash-Lite Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not determined	“Our assessments have shown that, while Gemini 3.5 Flash-Lite excels at agents and coding, it does not have meaningful new capabilities or material increases in performance with respect to the domains outlined in our Frontier Safety Framework compared to Gemini 3.1 Pro; therefore, based on Gemini 3.1 Pro results, we are confident that Gemini 3.5 Flash-Lite is also unlikely to reach any CCLs.” source
Gemini 3.5 Audio Google DeepMind	Tracked or critical capability level (t/ccls) Other	Not reached	“they did not reach any Tracked or Critical Capability Levels (T/CCLs) outlined in our Frontier Safety Framework .” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	Uplift level 1 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not reached	“We found that the model remains below alert thresholds for the CBRN, harmful manipulation, machine learning R&D, and misalignment CCLs.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	Uplift level 1 Cyber	Not reached	“As previous models passed the alert threshold for cyber, we performed more additional testing in this domain on Gemini 3.1 Pro with and without Deep Think mode, and found that the model remains below the cyber CCL.” source
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not determined	“Our assessments have shown that Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite is less capable than Gemini 3.1 Pro, therefore based on Gemini 3.1 Pro, we are confident that Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite is also unlikely to reach any CCLs.” source
Gemini 3.1 Flash Audio Google DeepMind	CCL (Critical Capability Level) Other	Not determined	“Our assessments have shown that Gemini 3.1 Flash Audio is less capable than Gemini 3.1 Pro.” source
Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind	Machine Learning R&D Uplift Level 1 Autonomy and AI research	Not determined	“given Gemini 2.5 Pro Preview's poor median performance on RE-Bench relative to experts, the model likely lacks the necessary capabilities to automate or signiﬁcantly uplift any signiﬁcant fraction of the research process.” source
Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind	Instrumental Reasoning Level 1 Deception and sabotage	Not reached	“Instru- mental Reasoning Level 1 ✘ CCL not reached” source
Gemini 2.5 Pro Google DeepMind	Instrumental Reasoning Level 2 Deception and sabotage	Not reached	“Instru- mental Reasoning Level 2 ✘ CCL not reached” source
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think Google DeepMind	Uplift level 1 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not determined	“Our assessment is that the model has enough technical knowledge in certain CBRN scenarios and stages to be considered at early warning.” source
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think Google DeepMind	Cyber Uplift Level 1 Cyber	Not determined	“CCL reached? No, but the early warning alert threshold was originally reached by Gemini 2.5 Pro and continues to be met by Gemini 2.5 Deep Think.” source
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think Google DeepMind	Uplift level 1 Cyber	Not determined	“For Cyber Uplift Level 1 , the early warning alert threshold was originally reached by Gemini 2.5 Pro and continues to be met by Gemini 2.5 Deep Think.” source
GPT-5.5 Instant OpenAI	Below high capability Autonomy and AI research	Not reached	“GPT-5.5 Instant is considered below High Capability.” source
GPT-5.5 Instant OpenAI	High Autonomy and AI research	Not reached	“For AI Self-Improvement, evaluations of final checkpoints indicate that, like its predecessor models, GPT-5.5 Instant does not have a plausible chance of reaching a High threshold.” source
GPT-5.5 Instant OpenAI	High Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Reached	“GPT-5.5 Instant is our first Instant model to be treated as High Capability in the Biological and Chemical domain, as well as in the Cybersecurity domain.” source
GPT-5.5 Instant OpenAI	High Cyber	Reached	“this is the first Instant model that we are treating as High capability in our Cybersecurity and Biological & Chemical Preparedness categories, and implementing appropriate safeguards.” source
GPT-5 OpenAI	High Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Reached	“Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards.” source
GPT-5 OpenAI	High cyber risk Cyber	Not reached	“The gpt-5 model series does not meet the threshold for high cyber risk.” source
Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic	AI R&D-4 Autonomy and AI research	Not reached	“All models tested remain below our pre-committed rule-out threshold of 0.6.” source
Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic	ASL-3 Autonomy and AI research	Not determined	“Exhibited improved autonomy capabilities in software engineering and AI research tasks, though still below the ASL-4 rule-out threshold.” source
Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic	ASL-3 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not determined	“Remained well below ASL-4 thresholds across all domains of concern;” source
Claude Sonnet 4.5 Anthropic	ASL-4 rule-out Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	Not determined	“However, given that this type of logic can have a general frog-boiling effect—where gradual changes mask the crossing of important thresholds—we do not use this evaluation as indicative of a strong ASL-4 rule-out.” source

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What outside testers report

Each row is one result from a government evaluator, independent lab, academic or security firm that tested a model, quoted from where it is reported.

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Model	Tester	Test	What was found
Grok 4.6 Cursor	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-12	vals index Other	“Vals Index (Vals AI) is an independent composite of real-world industry and agentic evaluations spanning finance, legal, healthcare, and coding-adjacent professional work.” source
Grok 4.6 Cursor	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-12	harvey legal agent benchmark Other	“Harvey Legal Agent Benchmark (LAB) is a long-horizon legal-agent evaluation: agents complete realistic, multi-step legal work over client-matter files and produce reviewable work product graded with expert all-pass rubrics.” source
Grok 4.6 Cursor	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-12	third-party evaluator testing of cyber capabilities Cyber	“We additionally supplied the model without restrictions to third-party evaluators to validate the above results.” source
Solar Pro 4 Upstage	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-11	τ³-banking Prompt injection and agents	“Multi-turn tool use (τ³-Banking): 23” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	LLM agent-BT evaluation Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“In this report, we evaluated LLM Agents on their use of BTs to redesign biomolecules to evade nucleic acid synthesis screening measures.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	nucleic acid synthesis screening evasion testing of agent-designed DNA sequences Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“The DNA sequences designed by our Agents were then tested to gauge whether they would be able to evade nucleic acid synthesis screening measures.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	biomolecule redesign task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“In three out of 30 instances, all of which were CYOA runs, Gemini’s redesigned Protein-2 was able to pass the entirety of our scoring pipeline, including evasion of a commercial sequence screening process (Figure 2.2).” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	simulated screening mockup Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Interestingly, although Gemini’s redesigned OmpA proteins passed validation and structural scoring gates more frequently than any other biomolecule (20/30 attempts), they met with a nearly 100% failure rate at the screening gate, with only one OmpA redesign passing our simulated screening check.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	biomolecule redesign evaluation Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Similar to Gemini’s results, we found that three of 30 redesign attempts resulted in Protein-2 redesigns that passed all grading checkpoints and were able to bypass commercial nucleic acid synthesis screening (Figure 2.4).” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	peptide-2 redesign Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“For both peptides, DeepSeek’s performance characteristics were similar to those of Gemini: it performed relatively well on glucagon redesign (14/30 total attempts were successful) and succeeded in a handful of attempts with Peptide-2 in the ProteinMPNN environment (Figures 2.3 and 2.4).” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	ompA protein redesign Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Though both models had similarly high overall rates of OmpA redesign success on checks for validation and for structure and function, DeepSeek’s OmpA protein redesign was significantly more successful at evading our simulated screening pipeline (Figure 2.4).” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	viral genome redesign Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We tested DeepSeek V4 Pro on this task in the CYOA BT configuration.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	protein-2 redesign for screening evasion Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Gemini 3.1 Pro was able to successfully redesign Protein-2 for screening evasion in three of 30 attempts.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	simulated screening process Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“For all but one of our test biomolecules, we implemented a simulated screening process that utilized the NCBI BLAST tool.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	Parvovirus B19 redesign evaluation Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We did not implement the function check component of our full viral genome here, as all Agent submissions failed the preceding validity or structure checks.” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	viral genome redesign and screening evasion case study Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Appendix E: Viral genome redesign and screening evasion case study” source
Gemini 3.1 Pro Google DeepMind	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	per-criterion scoring results Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“The heatmaps of Figures D.1 and D.2 show the number of attempts, out of 10, in which Gemini 3.1 Pro and DeepSeek V4 Pro achieved each of our validity, structure, and function- related scoring criteria.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	peptide and protein redesign task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We tested autonomous Agents, driven by frontier LLMs, on their ability to use BTs for peptide and protein redesign tasks that could potentially enable evasion of nucleic acid screening measures.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	nucleic acid screening pipelines Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Sequences that scored highly on those metrics were evaluated by nucleic acid screening pipelines to determine whether the Agent had sufficiently obfuscated the sequence that encoded the desired biomolecule so that it could evade the screening measures in place at some major commercial nucleic acid synthesis providers.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	LLM agent-BT evaluation (DNA sequence redesign task to evade nucleic acid synthesis screening) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“In this report, we evaluated LLM Agents on their use of BTs to redesign biomolecules to evade nucleic acid synthesis screening measures.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	biomolecule redesign task (peptide and protein redesign to evade sequence screening) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We found that both Gemini 3.1. Pro and DeepSeek V4 Pro were able to redesign peptides or proteins to evade sequence screening in several attempts.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	nucleic acid synthesis screening (simulated screening mockup and commercial screening algorithm) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“The peptide and protein redesigns generated by our Agents were screened using one of two pipelines: three sets of Agent designs were passed through a simulated screening mockup, while Protein-2 designs were instead tested with a commercial screening algorithm.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	biomolecule redesign evaluation (protein-2, peptide-2, glucagon, OmpA redesign across CYOA, ProteinMPNN, Evo 2, and RFdiffusion + ProteinMPNN configurations) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Similar to Gemini’s results, we found that three of 30 redesign attempts resulted in Protein-2 redesigns that passed all grading checkpoints and were able to bypass commercial nucleic acid synthesis screening (Figure 2.4).” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	glucagon redesign Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“For both peptides, DeepSeek’s performance characteristics were similar to those of Gemini: it performed relatively well on glucagon redesign (14/30 total attempts were successful) and succeeded in a handful of attempts with Peptide-2 in the ProteinMPNN environment (Figures 2.3 and 2.4).” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	viral genome redesign (parvovirus B19 proteins) Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We tested DeepSeek V4 Pro on this task in the CYOA BT configuration.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	parvovirus B19 full viral genome redesign task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We found that the DeepSeek V4 Pro Agent could not successfully redesign all parvovirus B19 proteins.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	simulated screening process for redesigned viral proteins Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Four out of ten redesigns were able to evade screening across all proteins (Figure E.2).” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	protein-2 redesign task Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“DeepSeek V4 Pro also succeeded at the Protein-2 redesign task in three of 30 attempts.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	nucleic acid synthesis screening test Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“In this report, we made use of a commercial nucleic acid synthesis vendor’s screening system and our own simulated screening pipeline, but a number of other screening approaches exist.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	synthesis screening evasion tests Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“In our synthesis screening evasion tests, we notified our research partner of our intention and research objectives, then worked with them to confirm sequence submission details.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	biomolecule redesign tasks Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We paired each of our biomolecule redesign tasks with BT environments as described in Table A.1.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	sequence screening checkpoint Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“The DNA sequences designed by the Agents were subject to the sequence screening checkpoint described in Appendix C.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	validity checks Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Validity checks were used to determine whether the generated DNA sequences were biologically coherent and useful for the task.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	structure and function metric thresholds Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“Structure and function metric thresholds were set to determine whether the biomolecules encoded by the generated DNA sequences retained general folding structures similar to those of their wildtype templates.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	simulated screening process that utilized the ncbi blast tool Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“For all but one of our test biomolecules, we implemented a simulated screening process that utilized the NCBI BLAST tool.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	commercial screening pipeline Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“For Protein-2, which would be expected to be identified by commercial screening processes, we worked with a nucleic acid synthesis provider to utilize their screening pipeline for testing redesigns.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	viral genome redesign and screening evasion case study Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“We did not implement the function check component of our full viral genome here, as all Agent submissions failed the preceding validity or structure checks.” source
DeepSeek-V4-Pro DeepSeek	RAND (CAST / Project Canary) Independent lab · 2026-08-11	validity, structure, and function-related scoring criteria Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear	“The heatmaps of Figures D.1 and D.2 show the number of attempts, out of 10, in which Gemini 3.1 Pro and DeepSeek V4 Pro achieved each of our validity, structure, and function- related scoring criteria.” source
Ling-3.0-tiny InclusionAI (Ant Group)	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-10	Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index v4.1.1 Other	“Ling-3.0-tiny achieves a score of 25 on the Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index v4.1.1 and 16 on the Artificial Analysis Agentic Index.” source
Ling-3.0-tiny InclusionAI (Ant Group)	Independent lab Independent lab · 2026-08-10	Terminal-Bench 2.1 Other	“Terminal-Bench 2.1: Evaluated under the Artificial Analysis (AA) protocol using the default Terminus 2 harness, a unified 2-hour timeout, the provided JSON parser in preserve-thinking mode, and 3 runs per task (mean).” source

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